Discrimination in the Workplace - 1265 Words

Why does discrimination occur at workplace? There are multiple explanation for the issue. It can be ranged from generational differences, lack of diversity training, absence of good behavior modeling, and many other reasons. In every workplace, it is consists of different cultural, religious, and social backgrounds. There are different perspectives and conversations that take place at the workplace. An individual’s aspect on race, culture, sexual orientations, gender, and political views is disparate among other people. When contrary perspective arises, it can easily result discrimination. According to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, there was approximately 99.412 discrimination cases recorded in 2012. A well-known†¦show more content†¦They sued the company for sex discrimination in inequality wages and promotion opportunities. Is Wal-Mart operating an efficient business practice or discriminatory practices towards the employees? The question will rise u pon various perspectives from different individuals. Some individuals will support the idea of class action with the female employees. While the other people will disagree on the lawsuit. It only takes one voice to wake the public to rise and demand the government to adjust the distressed issue. The class suit represents over 1.6 million women who currently work or that have been employed by Wal-Mart. It is range between 1998 to 2001 of how women felt isolated and violated because of their gender. It is an accurate action for the lawsuit because Wal-Mart had breached the Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act. This law prohibits discrimination in employment; religion, gender, race, or nationality origin. An employer is not allowed to discriminate towards another individual because these factors. The purpose of this law is to protect the human rights and fair employment. In the Wal-Mart’s management training program, the requirements are above average performance rati ng, at least one year in the current position, and to be willing to relocate to a different area. These are typical requirements for the management level in many companies.Show MoreRelatedWorkplace Discrimination : Discrimination And Discrimination1588 Words   |  7 Pagesothers with prejudice because of particular features they possess. Unfortunately, prejudice and discrimination occur even in places which, by definition, should be free of all personal prejudices – specifically, in offices and other business surroundings. This tragedy is called workplace discrimination; not every unfair behavior at work, however, can be assessed as discrimination. Discrimination in the workplace happens when an employee experiences unfair treatment due to their race, gender, age, religionRead MoreWorkplace Discrimination : Discrimination And Discrimination1205 Words   |  5 Pages Workplace Discrimination Employment discrimination manifests in a variety of forms. The most common scenario is when the employer unfairly treats job applicants and employees because of their gender, race, age, disability, nationality or familial status. Often, employment discrimination that emanates from familial status occurs because of events such as pregnancy. The employers usually take adverse and cruel actions against these employees or rather potential employees. Contextually, adverse actionRead MoreDiscrimination at Workplace873 Words   |  4 PagesDiscrimination at workplace In the USA there has been the problem of discrimination at places of work against people with disability, based on race, sex, religion in almost all quarters and this has prompted quite a number of legislations and acts to be passed in a bid to guarantee the people the access and right to use and utilize all the public amenities as well as get the right and equal treatment as an American. Vivian Pearson (2012) notes that the federal law prohibits the employer fromRead MoreDiscrimination In The Workplace1211 Words   |  5 Pages While the world has unanimously advanced and is more accepting of change, the workplace continues to be a place of discrimination, prejudice and inequality. Discrimination is broadly defined to ‘distinguish unfavourably’, isolate; and is context based (Pagura, 2012). Abrahams (1991) described the workplace as an ‘inhospitable place’ where gender disparity and wage gaps persist (Stamarski Son Hing, 2015). Among other states and countries, the Australian government actively implements and passesRead MoreDiscrimination In The Workplace1423 Words   |  6 Pagesa challenge to the government and employers to find solutions in diversity and discrimination issues. Discrimination may be appeared to be prevalent, this may cause unemployment. Anti-discrimination policies have been employed to combat discrimination in the workplace, however nothing has been done to analyse the policy. This paper will examine whether the anti-discrimination legislation is effective in the workplace to provide a fair working environment. In Australia, it is considered unlawfulRead MoreDiscrimination in the Workplace2033 Words   |  8 Pages Despite popular belief, discrimination occurs every day worldwide. It occurs for different reasons, but is detrimental to any company or individual. The judgments that occur based on physical appearance, height, weight, gender, and race are affecting the potential professional careers of many. Many companies are limiting their full potential due to the fact that they are discriminating interviewees and employees based upon physical traits. It lessens the chances of developing a strong staffRead MoreDiscrimination in the Workplace1276 Words   |  6 PagesEnglish 112 51-A September 27, 2010 Discrimination in the Workplace In today’s society, people claim to be so open minded and tolerant in regards to other people’s beliefs, lifestyles, and appearance. However, in reality people with tattoos are often discriminated against for the way they look. Visible tattoos have a negative effect on finding employment, as well as commission based occupations, and also jobs in the childcare field. PhysicalRead MoreDiscrimination And Discrimination Within The Workplace1633 Words   |  7 Pagestaken to assure that employees and applicants enjoy equal employment opportunity. Discrimination or harassment by any supervisory or non-supervisory employee based upon the protected conditions or characteristics listed above or any other legally-protected condition or characteristic is a violation of the Code of Conduct. An employee or applicant, who believes that he or she has been the subject of such discrimination or harassment, should promptly report the alleged incident to the Owner or CFO. ARead MoreDiscrimination And Discrimination Within The Workplace919 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Discrimination is defined as making a distinction in favor of or against a person or thing based on the group, class, or category to which that person or thing belongs to rather than on individual merit (definition 2). Discrimination does not just relate to just one meaning but several, and it can be described in many ways. This action is not only offensive but hurtful as well. Denying any individual a job because of their race, sexual orientation, religion, or gender is an example ofRead MoreGender Discrimination And The Workplace Essay1242 Words   |  5 Pagesmake towards gender workplace equality but gender workplace discrimination continues to be an impediment to gender equality. For the purpose of research on gender workplace discrimination, I used four journal articles. The first article, Minimizing Workplace Gender and Racial Bias, by author William T. Bielby, discusses stereotyping in the workplace. The article offers suggestions on how organizations should review their policy and procedures to minimize bias in the workplace. This article only

The Godfather the Movie Essay - 532 Words

The Godfather the Movie THE GODFATHER, made in 1974, details the Corleone crime family in Manhattan during the mid 1930s. The Don, Vito Corleone, played by Marlon Brando, leads his organization against a relentless narcotics push by a rival family, the Sollozzos. Vito Caleone does not want anything to do with drugs because he believes they will be the downfall of the Mafia. The story, covering a ten year time period, offers a rich tapestry of Mafia life from the inside, drawing the audience into witnessing the transfer of power within a close-knit family According to the October 1999 issue of â€Å"Entertainment Weekly†, THE GODFATHER is one of the greatest movies of the decade. Rarely can it be said that a film has defined a decade,†¦show more content†¦Special effects play a huge roll in modern day films; they are mainly used to grab the attention of the audience. In the making of THE GODFATHER, very few special effects were used. The director, Francis Ford Coppola was able to capture the audience’s attention with a terrific cast, and a captivating story line. The movie explores many aspects of real life such as family responsibility, a fathers legacy, the need to earn respect and the corrupting influence of power. These are some of the ingredients combined in Francis Ford Coppolas masterpiece. The movie ran close to three hours and every scene was better then the last; not boring the viewer throughout the entire performance. Throughout the film, Michael Corleone played brilliantly by Al Pacino, experiences a major change in his way of thinking. Michael changes from believing that what his family does is wrong, to believing that his familys crimes are a necessary evil. He begins by insisting to his girlfriend that his familys crimes belong to his family, not to him. He was not involved in the business and did not want anything to do with it. By the end of the movie, most of the Corleone family have been murdered. Michael organizes the execution of several people within the other crime families as the Corleon familys new Don, having reasoned that these murders are necessary. Feeling that he must follow in his father’s footsteps he transforms from an innocent bystander to the central manipulator.Show MoreRelatedThe Movie The Godfather 1537 Words   |  7 PagesFrancis Ford Coppola directed the gangster crime drama film, The Godfather (1972), inspired by the novel of the same name, written by Author Mario Puzo. The film plays out in the beginning how Don Corleone declined to join the narcotics business with notorious drug lord Sollozzo. With this in mind, one of the greatest gangster films created by a man who decided to lead, and not follows. Moreover, explaining the formalist approach for this film which covers an array of elements that include plotRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie The Godfather 1463 Words   |   6 Pageslight or death. Each movie works within its genre and also twists it to tell his own, more dramatic tale. One interpretation of auteur theory applies to his continuous changing of stereotypical genres. â€Å"Auteur theory is when a director creates a film that breaks the codes and conventions seen regularly in movies of the same genre.† One of Coppola’s traits is the expressive use of light. Which can help understand the tale, cleverly hide reality or do both. Within The Godfather, the light followingRead MoreThe Godfather Movie Review1875 Words   |  8 Pagesgood son to head of the Corleone family takes center stage in The Godfather, but as the title character and head of the family, Don Vito Corleone is arguably the most important character in the film. The success or failure of the film depended on who played the Godfather and therefore it was the first role cast. Francis Ford Coppola and his producers were looking for someone special. Despite wanting to cast unknowns for the movie, they felt it necessary to make an exception here. â€Å"The part calledRead More Cinematography in Godfather the Movie Essay638 Words   |  3 PagesMario Puzo’s The Godfather was the first and most influential gangster movie that paved the way for gangster movies of the future. The movie was directed by Frances Ford Copolla, who made many different ingenious ways to portray this gangster classic. The movie was a very subversive movie, and one of the first of all time.The Godfather has a many different uses of light settings through the whole movie, in which the movie can be interpreted on. The lighting in The Godfather, is very dim andRead MoreMovie Analysis : The Godfather Part II1231 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"The Godfather Part II† is the second movie in the Godfather trilogy, and mentioned as one of the best movies of all time. Is this a fair criticism of the movie? Well, the only way to find out is to dissect a movie and what makes it great. A movie can be critiqued in a variety of ways, but one of the main criticisms is how the visuals explain the story, and bring it to life. The story of a movie, and how it flows, is the pivotal component that draws viewers in and keeps their interest. With moviesRead MoreMovie Review : The Godfather Part II1255 Words   |  6 PagesThe Godfather Part II is the second movie in the Godfather trilogy, and mentioned as one of the best movies of all time. Is this a fair criticism of the movie? Well, the only way to find out is to dissect a movie and what makes it great. A movie can be critiqued in a variety of ways, but one of the main criticisms is how the visuals explain the story, and bring it to life. The story of a movie, and how it flows, is the pivotal component that draws viewers in and keeps their interest. With moviesRead MoreMovie Analysis : Film Analysis Of The Godfather971 Words   |  4 Pages The Godfather I and two sequels are of course a very well written and famous film series. But that is not why I chose it. I chose it because even though it is rated a very well written film, I truly did analyze this film as if I were rating it, so for the above link for my specific sequence, I used the techniques I learned throughout this semester to analyze it. In the past when I have watched the first Godfather with friends, they got bored easily and thought it was slow and not entertaining. ButRead More Realism and Idealism for the Godfather Essay1173 Words   |  5 Pages Realism and Idealism for the Godfather I will never forget what I felt when I first seen my first mobster movie, I was about 12 years old, it was real late at night and I just could not fall asleep. I was flipping the channels looking for something to watch, and that is when I encountered my first mobster movie. I was intrigued from beginning to end; it was like nothing I had ever seen before. The way they talked so confident and cool to the way they looked so sharp and sophisticated. AlthoughRead More The Godfather: An American Dream Story Essay1033 Words   |  5 PagesThe Godfather: An American Dream Story The Godfather is the â€Å"dark-side of the American dream story† (Turan, pp2). The film follows the practices of a fictional Italian mafia family, the Corleone’s. Though most Americans do not condone the practices of the Italian mafia, they cannot deny that Francis Ford Coppola’s The Godfather is a cinematic masterpiece. This film gave insight to a mysterious way of life that the average person does not have knowledge of. As the audience is educatedRead MoreAnalysis Of The Godfather Part 2734 Words   |  3 PagesThe Godfather Part 2 resonates with me because it deals with being an entrepreneur and doing whatever it takes to keep the money and business flowing. While I might not be running an illicit, family business worth millions of dollars, I have had my fair share of smaller businesses and ideas to make a little bit of money. The Corleone’s had businesses in many different areas, most of them being illegitimate in some way or another. The only wa y for them to stay afloat was to use their wits and have

The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus free essay sample

The coming to be known band: The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus, is fun and catchy. I love the overall sound, especially the multiple guitars in their music. Ronnie Winter, the lead vocalist, has a great voice and can really scream. Not only are their songs good for the music but the lyrics have different meanings. Their songs contain various topics such as life, relationships, regrets, friendship, changes, and feelings. I often find myself listening to them for therapeutic reasons. When life brings me down I like to listen to Seventeen Aint So Sweet, It helps me feel like everything will be ok if I just hold on. All of the songs on their album, Dont You Fake It, are good but my personal favorites, beside Seventeen Aint So Sweet, are False Pretense and Face Down. I highly recommend Red Jumpsuit if you ever want to listen to good music that actually means something more. We will write a custom essay sample on The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

Psychology and the Prisoner of the Cave an Example of the Topic Psychology Essays by

Psychology and the Prisoner of the Cave In Platos allegory of the cave, prisoners inside a cave from were tied in such a way that they are unable to move their limbs and heads. This was the situation of the prisoners since childhood. The heads of all the prisoners were also tied in such a way that their gaze is permanently fixed in only one direction. That direction is the direction facing the cave wall. Several puppet objects would be held up by others from an elevated walkway every once in a while. The objects will cast shadows on the wall that the prisoners are facing. The shadows appear when the puppets are placed between the prisoners and the light coming from the fire from behind the prisoners. In effect, the images of the shadows formed on the wall in front of the prisoners and the sounds they hear whenever the images appear are thought of by the prisoners as the real objects. Need essay sample on "Psychology and the Prisoner of the Cave" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Students Often Tell EssayLab writers: I'm not in the mood to write my essay. Because I want to spend time with my family Specialists recommend: Proceed With Order Now Essay Writing Company Review Essays For Money Write My Assignment Top Essay Writing Indeed, the prisoners believed that the images they saw on the wall were the real objects. Since they were unable to turn their backs as they were tied, they were unable to see the real objects from behind them. Every image and sound they hear would be retained in their memory as something real and is not a product of something else. Their thinking will be conditioned in such a way that the only real knowledge they know of are the ones that they have been seeing on the wall since their childhood. Assume now that a prisoner is released from all those years of being tied down, giving him the freedom to move and look at all directions. Plato tells us that the freed prisoner will be blinded by the light coming from the sun outside the entrance of the cave. It will be a painful visual experience at first because the prisoner will have to adjust with the light from the sun after a while. The prisoner will realize that the images that he saw on the walls were not the real objects. He will learn that they were merely shadows of the real objects that were causing those images. On the other hand, returning to the cave will only bring back the prisoner to the state of not knowing what is real. This is because his vision has already adjusted with the light from the sun. By returning to the cave, his vision will not be able to immediately cope with the caves darkness. (Kanazawa, 160) The parable basically teaches the lesson that not everything that we immediately see and conceive of as knowledge is real knowledge. Rather, what we may comprehend at the beginning are the shadows of genuine knowledge. We may be unable to realize the real knowledge as we are tied to a fixed gaze on the things that are immediately presented before our senses. Like the prisoner in the parable, it will take us freedom from imprisonment in our own caves where we grew familiar with in order for us to truly have genuine knowledge. It may hurt our senses and sensibility at first but the experience will be all worth it. The same thing can also be said about psychology in general, or specifically in Piagets theory concerning the development stages of babies. Every learning stage of a baby or a child is a progressive process towards learning genuine knowledge of the real world. Obviously, the comparison between Piagets theory and Platos allegory rests on the idea that both tend to suggest a development in the life of individuals. Both tackle the necessity to expose ones self to the real world and experience a life situated in a world where genuine knowledge abounds instead of false beliefs. In Piagets theory, let us take for example a baby named Sara who is two and a half years old. Piaget tells us that the child is still under the so-called sensorimotor stage. At this part of the cognitive stage in the life of Sara, the child is expected to acquire the basic learning in life by the use of both reflex and motor actions from the body. Piaget also tells us that the child is expected to realize that she is entirely a individual distinct and separate from her surrounding environment. The various elements that are located within the childs environment are learned by the child as objects that continue to exist even if the objects are hidden away from childs sensory skills. It can be said that Sara is already able to recognize the fact that all of her friends toys are separate from her self. Eventually, she will be able to understand that her friends toys will always be physically existent even if she is not able to see or hold them. Starting at age four, Sara may be able to better infer the mental states of her friends. The explanation is found on Piagets preoperational stage where the child is encouraged by her assumption that the people around her visualize every situation similar to her point of view. It can be said that Sara at the age of four will have an increase in her ability to understand that how her friends see the world is similar to how she sees that same world. (Reimer, Paolitto, and Hersh) In essence, Piagets theory puts forward the idea that children can be able to identify for themselves who they are and which are the objects in the real world as opposed to mere beliefs and ideas from the imagination. This can also be said about Platos allegory of the cave which puts forward the idea that man is capable of acquiring genuine knowledge and telling the difference between the real world and the world of false beliefs. Doubting if the future of psychology would be for better or for worse is only normal. As Descartes in his hyperbolic doubt would suggest, one can doubt everything except for ones existence (Garber, 226). This stage of doubting can also be observed in Platos allegory of the cave, specifically the part where the prisoner is freed from imprisonment and begins to wonder at the light coming from the sun and the real objects that appear before him. It would appear that the freed prisoner will have doubts with his former beliefs as well as with the new knowledge about the real world that ay before him for the first time in his life. In contrast, providing the question of what would cast psychology onto the future is to simply exercise the method of doubting as something necessary. That is in order for us to realize the weight of the need for something which will truly make psychology improve upon its current state. Like the freed prisoner in the allegory, to think about the future is to be open for changes such as the change of beliefs in order to give way for new and real knowledge. With that in mind, it is inescapable that the changes in the society will most certainly have an impact on the discipline of psychology. One of these many changes includes technology which has created more ways for humans to make the most of their resources and their knowledge. It can also be said that the psychological discipline has not been able to isolate itself from the influences of technology. As more and more technological advancements came into being, psychology has benefited from such progress in many ways, including the use of advanced tools which make detection of psychological ailments more accurately and efficiently with less manual labor. For example, the Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging or fMRI since the early 1990s has been used to record signals from the brain, or to detect the active areas of the brain during a given time or condition. fMRI has greatly improved the ways in which the activities inside the brain can be recorded without inflicting harm to the patient. It greatly lessened the risks of exposure to radiation caused mostly by CT scans. More recently, there are now several varieties where fRMI is used such as spinal fMRI, EEG-fMRI, event related fRMI, SEEP fRMI and Real-time fMRI to name a few. These technological developments were made possible through an acceptance of the new knowledge acquired in the discipline of psychology just like the freed prisoner in Platos allegory. The freed prisoner went out of the cave and dared to face the real world and learn new knowledge, and abandoning the false beliefs he grew up with in the cave so as to give way for genuine knowledge. Like the prisoner acquiring more knowledge, the development of these advanced tools in psychology has also led the way for more psychological discoveries. Recall the more comprehensive studies nowadays in terms of certain psychological impairments such as autism, bulimia and anorexia, depression and fears or phobia. It can be said that as more technology becomes readily available, the more it becomes easier to detect ailments and learn more about them. As we get to learn more knowledge through technology, psychology will be more wide-ranging as compared to its earlier years. And perhaps as more technological tools become ready for use of human beings, more psychological ailments which may have been previously unknown will be discovered. It will provide the basic framework for more research and knowledge and more technologies. In the future, psychology as a discipline will soar to even greater heights instead of plummeting down into a regress. It is inevitable as technologies of the future are swiftly being created in todays world. That is part of the lessons that we can learn from Plato allegory of the cave: acquiring new knowledge by progressing from old and obsolete beliefs for a better and a more knowledgeable life. Works Cited Garber, Daniel. "Descartes and Method in 1637." PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association 2 (1988): 226. Hayes, Bernadette C., Ian McAllister, and Donley T. Studlar. "Gender, Postmaterialism, and Feminism in Comparative Perspective." International Political Science Review 21.4 (2000): 425. Kanazawa, Satoshi. "Reading Shadows in Plato's Cave Wall." American Sociological Review 68.1 (2003): 160. Reimer, J., D. P. Paolitto, and R. H. Hersh. "Piaget: A Conceptual Introduction to Kohlberg." Promoting Moral Growth: From Piaget to Kohlberg. 2nd ed. Prospect Heights, Illinois: Waveland Press, 1990. 25.

You Can Take the Slave Out Essays - Discrimination, Racism, Hatred

You Can Take the Slave Out Essays - Discrimination, Racism, Hatred You Can Take the Slave Out Of Slavery but You Cant Take Slavery Out of the Slave There is a famous quote that I always hear people say, and it states, You can change the player, but the game remains the same (Unkown). This quote is commonly used by females to explain, even though males may come in different colors, shapes, forms, and sizes, they have the same intensions. In my own opinion, that same quote can apply to racial inequality, mainly known as racism. The reason I applied this quote to racism is, no matter how equal the media and other sources say America is, it is not. No matter how many black friends a white person has there are still white people who dislike blacks, and vice versa. Lastly, everyday a child and or children somewhere in America is being taught strong hatred for people not of their race, and the cycle continues. Even though racism is not as prominent and as blunt as it once was, it will never end. Society has come a long ways in terms of racial equality, racism, and prejudice; society for the most part has come together as one and overlook the color of one anothers skin. It is rare to see someone refused service because he or she is a certain color, and there are plenty other of examples. However, even though the majority of the country is together as one, there is still that small fraction of whites who hate black and vice versa, Hispanics who hate Asians and vice versa. That small is what hinders the full equality, the peace, the togetherness, and the love of all races. No matter how society tries to hide the fact racism is still in existence and is still affecting lives through mass media, it still lurks around the United States. For that small fraction of people who continue acts of racism it is not their fault, nurture plays a major role. No one is born racist, no is born hating blacks, no one is born hating whites, no one is born hating Hispanics, and no one is born hati ng Asians. This is all something that is taught with in the home, which in turn effects the United States ever ridding itself of racism and racial inequality. The person I am today is not because I was born this way, young man I am today is because of the guidance, and the constant teaching learning and teaching from my mother, father, grandmother, and life experiences. For the most part, I did not choose to be the way I am, I was taught to be this way. The same way I was taught to be who I am is the same way racist become racist, they were taught and bred that way, not born. The way each of us are as individuals is a for the most part a clear reflection of our parents and our environment. Those who are racists today will teach their kids how to be racist as well, and those kids will teach their kids, and it will continue throughout that generation. With that being said, as long as racists continue to preach and teach racist behavior racism will never come to an end When I see someone, yes, I see that person for what skin color; however I do not treat him or her a certain way because of it. I treat that person the way anyone would want to be treated, with respect. I believe we should judge and treat people according to the content of their character and not the color of their skin (Martin Luther King, Jr.). Racism has destroyed this land and will continue to destroy the land. This is not a problem that can be fix, it will continue until the world ends, especially because of the constant teachings of racism and acts of racism being done to one another. Will racism ever come to an end, no I do not think so, but I pray that it does

Alexander Fleming Discovers Penicillin

Alexander Fleming Discovers Penicillin In 1928, bacteriologist Alexander Fleming made a chance discovery from an already discarded, contaminated Petri dish. The mold that had contaminated the experiment turned out to contain a powerful antibiotic, penicillin. However, though Fleming was credited with the discovery, it was over a decade before someone else turned penicillin into the miracle drug that has helped save millions of lives. Dirty Petri Dishes On a September morning in 1928, Alexander Fleming sat at his workbench at St. Marys Hospital after having just returned from a vacation at the Dhoon (his country house) with his family. Before he had left on vacation, Fleming had piled a number of his Petri dishes to the side of the bench so that Stuart R. Craddock could use his workbench while he was away. Back from vacation, Fleming was sorting through the long unattended stacks to determine which ones could be salvaged. Many of the dishes had been contaminated. Fleming placed each of these in an ever-growing pile in a tray of Lysol. Looking for a Wonder Drug Much of Flemings work focused on the search for a wonder drug. Though the concept of bacteria had been around since Antonie van Leeuwenhoek first described it in 1683, it wasnt until the late nineteenth century that Louis Pasteur confirmed that bacteria caused diseases. However, though they had this knowledge, no one had yet been able to find a chemical that would kill harmful bacteria but also not harm the human body. In 1922, Fleming made an important discovery, lysozyme. While working with some bacteria, Flemings nose leaked, dropping some mucus onto the dish. The bacteria disappeared. Fleming had discovered a natural substance found in tears and nasal mucus that helps the body fight germs. Fleming now realized the possibility of finding a substance that could kill bacteria but not adversely affect the human body. Finding the Mold In 1928, while sorting through his pile of dishes, Flemings former lab assistant, D. Merlin Pryce stopped by to visit with Fleming. Fleming took this opportunity to gripe about the amount of extra work he had to do since Pryce had transferred from his lab. To demonstrate, Fleming rummaged through the large pile of plates he had placed in the Lysol tray and pulled out several that had remained safely above the Lysol. Had there not been so many, each would have been submerged in Lysol, killing the bacteria to make the plates safe to clean and then reuse. While picking up one particular dish to show Pryce, Fleming noticed something strange about it. While he had been away, a mold had grown on the dish. That in itself was not strange. However, this particular mold seemed to have killed the Staphylococcus aureus that had been growing in the dish. Fleming realized that this mold had potential. What Was That Mold? Fleming spent several weeks growing more mold and trying to determine the particular substance in the mold that killed the bacteria. After discussing the mold with mycologist (mold expert) C. J. La Touche who had his office below Flemings, they determined the mold to be a Penicillium mold. Fleming then called the active antibacterial agent in the mold, penicillin. But where did the mold come from? Most likely, the mold came from La Touches room downstairs. La Touche had been collecting a large sampling of molds for John Freeman, who was researching asthma, and it is likely that some floated up to Flemings lab. Fleming continued to run numerous experiments to determine the effect of the mold on other harmful bacteria. Surprisingly, the mold killed a large number of them. Fleming then ran further tests and found the mold to be non-toxic. Could this be the wonder drug? To Fleming, it was not. Though he saw its potential, Fleming was not a chemist and thus was unable to isolate the active antibacterial element, penicillin, and could not keep the element active long enough to be used in humans. In 1929, Fleming wrote a paper on his findings, which did not garner any scientific interest. 12 Years Later In 1940, the second year of World War II, two scientists at Oxford University were researching promising projects in bacteriology that could possibly be enhanced or continued with chemistry. Australian Howard Florey and German refugee Ernst Chain began working with penicillin. Using new chemical techniques, they were able to produce a brown powder that kept its antibacterial power for longer than a few days. They experimented with the powder and found it to be safe. Needing the new drug immediately for the war front, mass production started quickly. The availability of penicillin during World War II saved many lives that otherwise would have been lost due to bacterial infections in even minor wounds. Penicillin also treated diphtheria, gangrene, pneumonia, syphilis, and tuberculosis. Recognition Though Fleming discovered penicillin, it took Florey and Chain to make it a usable product. Though both Fleming and Florey were knighted in 1944 and all three of them (Fleming, Florey, and Chain) were awarded the 1945 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Fleming is still credited for discovering penicillin.

Spitfghter mark 1 airplane Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Spitfghter mark 1 airplane - Essay Example It continued in these roles until the mid-1950, when production stopped. Until today, the Spitfire continuous to be a favourite aircraft with 53 being airworthy and many more being used as displays in air museums and schools (Zandvoort 1957). The Spitfires design started in 1931 when Mitchell wanted to meet the Air ministry’s new specifications for a modern craft that was capable of 250 mph. The design did not get off to a good start, the first one named Super-marine type 224, had a Rolls-Royce steam-cooled Griffon engine. Accordingly, the engine could only reach a top speed of 230 mph and had bulky gull wings with an open-cockpit. Mitchell and his team were disappointed but not discouraged; they immediately started on their next model designated Type 300. The aircraft went through several modifications, including smaller, thinner and elliptical shaped wings, an enclosed and blister-shaped cockpit, and oxygen-breathing apparatus and a more powerful Rolls-Royce PV-XII V-12 engine. The Air ministry adopted this model and its construction started. The model went into production, as the aircraft was in use over the years the design continuously improved beginning with the Mark I to Mark XIV, until the Spitfire went ou t of production (Axelrod & Kingston 2007). The plane used a semi-elliptical wing, which helped to reduce drag, house a retractable undercarriage while at the same time carried armament and ammunition. The ellipse-shaped and skewed wings ensured that the centre of the pressure aligned with the main spur and which prevented the wings fro twisting. As the aircraft performance Improve and it gained more power, the aileron reversal increased. It meant that there was a need for the design of new wings. The new models helped solve this problem by increasing their stiffness by 47% and the aileron reversals speed improved by the use of geared trim tabs and piano

Eco-Centric Valuation of Nature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Eco-Centric Valuation of Nature - Essay Example The source document of the definition of sustainable development is the Brundtland Report, which is a resource released by the United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development. Also known as â€Å"Our Common Future†, this report was published in 1987 in order to provide environmental agencies and national governments with information on how to achieve an environmental condition that continuously supports itself (Mebratu, 1998). This report poses a number of potential conflicts, based on the principles that are governs. Firstly, the term sustainable development is largely anthropocentric, which thus focuses on the needs of the population and less on the ecosystem or natural condition. It may be possible that the requirements of the ecosystem may not be fully addressed, including that of the carrying capacity of a habitat in supporting a defined population size. Sustainable development is also focused on maximizing the potential of production of a particular produc t and thus despite the efforts of avoiding any serious perturbations to the ecosystem (Bestor, 2001). It is thus still possible that the optimal conditions for growth and maturation of an ecosystem could be hindered and ultimately not achieved by the principles supported by this concept (Farrell and Hart, 1998). Sustainable living pertains to a lifestyle that campaigns for the activities that would maintain the natural resources and the environment (Norton, 2005). One of the most visible activities associated with sustainable living is the reduction of fossil fuels and other air pollutants to the environment.

Life Frankenstein Essay Example for Free

Life Frankenstein Essay Mary Shelley wrote Frankenstein in 1818. Frankenstein was a gothic novel and the book was based on Mary Shellys life as she had a lot of death in her life as her mother died giving birth to her she and she lost her only baby. Mary Shelly want to bring her back as that is what Frankenstein did when his mother die giving birth to his brother. There was a lot of increase of science at time which drove Frankenstein to make the monster. Chapter 5 is the most important chapter as it is when he brings the monster to life but when the monster comes to life Frankenstein would not take responsibility and would not go back to his house I did not dare return to the apartment which I inhabited. It shows that man should not play god if they are not willing to take responsibility for their action which Frankenstein didnt do. He runs out of his house seemingly to detain me, but I escaped, and rushed down stairs. Just because he didnt want to take responsibility for the  Monster. This chapter shows that he is a coward as he made the monster but when he saw it he was scary to him even though he was the one who made it. It also show he is very selfish as he doesnt think of the monster he only thinks of him self and what would happen if one of his friends sees it I dreaded to behold this monster but I feared still more that Henry should see it this show that he thinks more about him self then he does about the monster as he dont want Henry to see it as it would damage his reputation. Shelley used the language to create atmosphere like at the start it is depressing as Frankenstein realises that making the monster was morally wrong it was on a dreary night of November that I behold the accomplishment but at the end it becomes a scared atmosphere as he doesnt want to think of the monster could he allude to an object on whom I dared not even think. The time of day is night my candle was nearly burnt out.  The chapter talks about appearance and reality I behold the wretch the miserable monster whom I had created he called the monster a wretch which means he doesnt see him as a human and he thinks of him as a thing that he can just throw away when he feels like it and make something else just because he look different to every one else when really Frankenstein is the monster. The chapter also talks about isolation and loneliness as  During all that time Henry was my only nurse when he isolated him self he when insane as he wanted to finish his work and not to rest, but he doesnt ask his friends for help.  The chapter shows man should not play god as it is too much responsibility for them to take. Dreams that had been my food and pleasant rest for so long a space were now became a hell to me this show that mortals react to they emotions. Humans emotions change very quickly and this shows that they should not play god if they are not willing to play it out to the end and that no human can control they emotions. Studying this chapter has showed that man should not push science too far as it can cause very dangerous things that can hurt people but if we are going to play god which means we should not be allowed to change our emotions and take responsibility for what they have made or done. It also shows that just because you love someone you are aloud to give them a new life as this is going against god.

The History and Future of the Olympics Essay -- Exploratory Essays Res

The History and Future of the Olympics It is the year 2004, and everyone who is anyone in the world of athletics is headed to Athens, Greece. To some people Athens is just an ancient city where the myths of Hercules and Zeus were originated, but this year, it's not just an ancient city, it's a reunion of where sports began. Even thought they won't be played in the nude it will still be considered a reunion. That's right; the Olympics are headed back to their hometown of Athens, or at least it's close enough. However, looking back on the years, both modern and ancient, there has been quite a change in our Olympic events. The ancient Olympic event was all about glory, athleticism and total representation of one's own country. It seems to me that the Olympics have lost some of its touch when it comes to athleticism (cryptoworld.com). In addition, whatever happened to the idea of Amateur Athleticism? There was even a federation called International Amateur Athletics Federation formed, and it was stated that in order to participate in the Olympics, one must not be paid. Now, in modern terms, all they must do is take a break from being paid in their professional season to participate. The motto of the ancient Olympics is "Citius, Altius, Fortius", which in terms that we understand, "Faster, Higher, Stronger". Where are these three words are interpreted in table tennis, archery, equestrian, race walking, curling, synchronized swimming, synchronized diving (Contoni). These "games" just are not exciting and have nothing to do with the motto "Citius, Altius, Fortius". So, what does make an Olympic sport a spo rt? The answer is a majority of vote or enough complaints about discrimination against a sport that the International Olympi... ...cs." Physics Web. September 2000. http://physicsweb.org/article/world/13/9/8. Kahn, Jonathon. "Why Too Many Olympic Sports Are Neither." July 12, 2000. March 26, 2004. slate.msn.com/id/86069. Mallette, V. "Technology and the Olympics." Sport Information. http://www.ausport.gov.au/info/factsheets/tech.html. Michaelis, Vicki and Yu, Vincent. "IOC panel wants to drop basesball, add golf." USA Today. April 7,2004 http://www.usatoday.com/sports/olympics/2002-08-28-golf_x.htm People's Daily Online. People Daily. Monday, October 20, 2003. March 26, 2004. http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200310/20/eng20031020_126437.shtml. Technology and the Olympics. "Sport Information." 1996. March 15, 2004. http://www.ausport.gov.au/info/factsheets/tech.html "The Olympic Games." Winged Sandals. March 15, 2004. <http://www.abc.net.au/arts/wingedsandals/history2.htm>

What I Learned from My Stock Market Simulation Experience

What I Learned From My Stock Market Simulation Experience The stock market simulation has been a wonderful experience for me as a student in economics and as a person in today’s society. Knowledge gained in this project will give me the advantage to wisely choose the correct stock when I start investing my own money into the stock market. Different aspects of the simulation provided innovative and diverse ideas to propel me familiarity further into the grand realm of economics.When first assigned with the project I struggled a little on how best to allocate my funds into the best companies that would steady gain and gain through out the ten week period. Honestly I think I made a wise decision and used a financial advisor, Shibs, on which stocks seem to be rising in the troubled times we are in. With that aid I was able to deduce that WFC, JNJ, and XLF would produce the best results in the time given. Taking that step and using an outside source to assist in the determination o f stocks is a fine example of everyday situations.As always I found a way to express my individuality by seeing that eBay would give me an extra boost in standings with its ever climbing ascension. In looking for research I found out more on other companies that affected mine including my own; this gave me a broader view on where and how fast the market was going. Those articles also provided information on how the different companies I had invested in functioned; I learned that each company is more that meets the eye.Those clues provided insight in how fear and greed can sway the market back and forth resembling a see-saw never balancing but going good one minute to falling down the next. Besides that insight I learned a very valuable lesson in how one little paragraph in a article can make all hell break loose; it seems that when some hear just one little phrase they start running around like chickens with their heads cut off and making dumb mistakes left and right. Most of all, I learned that patience wins out and that the slow risers in the stock market will be out the day trades.In putting together this binder I also learned some things about investing and the mechanics of the stock market. One thing was that keeping order among all the essays, articles, graphs, and what not helped keep track of different trends in the various sectors that I had invested in. Also watching how my classmates invested and where they ended up in the rankings gave me the opportunity to see where different tactics succeeded or flopped around doing nothing. Finally, writing this essay gave me the chance to peel back the different layers of the stock market and how my investments truly benefitted.

Nietzsche and the Nazis Essay

The word â€Å"Nazi† has been recalled with feelings of regret, fear, horror and the threat of violent crimes throughout human history. However, nothing can conceal or change the reality of the period of Nazi Weltanschauung and its consequences for humanity and culture. It was a deep refreshment of German souls as the Aryan race and a collective movement of intellectuals, writers and social leaders in support of Christian and Protestant society against Jews. Nevertheless, the appealing eccentricity of the growing ideology among anti-Semite writers and thinkers very much attracted the attention of the Nazis. They examined the complex philosophical works of Nietzsche, Hegel, Fichte, Treitschke, and Huston Stewart Chamberlain, and ultimately concluded with the hard philosophy of Nazism, including racist, nationalistic, and anti-Semitic attitudes (Aschheim, 1992, p. 123). It was not very difficult for Nazis to find a way to utilize many intellectuals’ ideal systems, philosophies and literature as they proceeded in the way that led to the holocaust and racial genocide. For instance, Wagner hated Jews, thus, his operas contained myths, fighting, pagan gods, heroes and demons. As an artist, Wagner had bred the growing hunger of anti-Semitism with his art to a great extent. Besides Wagner, Huston Stewart Chamberlain, the British author who was the composer Richard Wagner’s son-in-law, deeply influenced Hitler with his fundamentally racist text â€Å"Foundations of the 19th Century,† and understanding this helps to explain why the Holocaust took place (Harms, 2001). Nonetheless, Hegel believed that the state was everything and war was a great purifier. Thus, the idea of restoring the ethical health of people was borrowed from Hegel’s philosophy by the Nazis. On the other hand, politicians like Georg von Schà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½nerer, a German nationalist and a strong anti-Semite, and Karl Lueger, the mayor of Vienna, supported Nazi Weltanschauung from the heart by their political policies and notions. However, unlike the other cultural icons Nazis utilized, the relationship between Nietzsche and the Nazis developed in an odd, but widely effective manner. Nietzsche’s influence as a philosopher and a writer was apparently limited to his closest friends and some intellectuals in Austria, France and Denmark (Canada, 1997). His books were not widely read or considered by publishers. However, after becoming insane by the end of the 1890s, his fame immediately spread around Europe and he became a figure of considerable importance in German history. Macintyre states in his book â€Å"The Forgotten Fatherland† (as cited in Canada, 1997) that Nietzsche’s name started to appear in popular German journals and newspapers as well as numerous books, which collectively promoted him as the â€Å"philosopher of the time, whose influence is stirring the entire cultural world.† This shift in the attitude toward Nietzsche and his work was a bit because of the ideological movement from rationalism and empiricism to romanticism during the end of the eighteenth century and the beginning of the nineteenth century, according to Hinton’s â€Å"Nietzsche in German Politics and Society† (as cited in Canada, 1997). Consequently, suffering the subjugation of Napoleon as well as witnessing the growing strength of the West, the German population, experiencing a sense of inferiority, attempted to assure itself of its innate superiority by glorifying its history and culture with no doubts, according to the point of view Kohn (as cited in Canada, 1997). At this point, Nietzsche’s mental â€Å"death† made him a prime target for this German myth-making project. Nietzsche and his philosophy’s affiliation with the Nazi movement occurred as a product of the need for raw material to build a new valid consciousness for humanity under the unity of a superior nation. Hitler and other Nazi leaders made use of Nietzschean philosophy wherever possible. In other words, Nietzsche’s philosophy was a â€Å"blueprint† for the Nazis’ war, and they took Nietzsche’s logic to drive the atheistic world view to its legitimate conclusion (Krueger, 2001). Nietzschean phrases and themes, such as â€Å"lords of the earth, the will to power, herd instinct,† were most often used in public speeches, and written expressions of Nazi leaders, furthermore, appeared even in Hitler’s book, â€Å"Mein Kampf,† many times. Nietzsche’s open-ended philosophy gave big opportunities to Nazis as a means of support for their war. For instance, in â€Å"The Will to Power,† Nietzsche exclaims (as cited in DeLong, 1959): â€Å"A daring and ruler race is building itself up†¦. The aim should be to prepare a transvaluation of values for a particularly strong kind of man, most highly gifted in intellect and will. This man and the elite around him will become the ‘lords of the earth.'† Ultimately, the idea of superior German nation, the idea of superior individuals – overmans, in other words – as members of that nation and the idea of exerting extreme power over others that were inferior and weak, emerged as the fundamental codes of Nazi culture, and keywords for their aim. Nietzsche played a key role in the development and preservation of the cultural and ideological foundations of the Nazis (Canada, 1997). In short, in terms of political culture, with his peculiarity; Nietzsche had a significant role in German history by having an important effect on the Nazi movement. As Crane Brinton states (cited in Geib, 2001), Nietzsche called for the superman; Mussolini and Hitler answered the call. Nazis and other anti-Semites perceived Jews as scapegoats in every situation, even for their own personal failings. They never forgave the Jews for possessing â€Å"spirit† and money, and named them as underprivileged (Canada, 1997). This notion was very similar to the one that Nietzsche used to describe his overman in â€Å"Thus Spoke Zarathustra† (1967): â€Å"For that man be delivered from revenge that is for me the bridge to the highest hope and a rainbow after long storms† (127). At this point, it is clear that, according to the point of view of the Nazis, Nietzsche’s open-ended philosophy was working for them and their goal, while making Nazis’ ideologies concrete and reliable. The Nietzschean overman was the model of the Aryan race, which was destined to conquer other lesser races in the global struggle for racial supremacy (Canada, 1997). Nietzschean â€Å"heroic idealism† embodied the virtues of hardness, masculinity, leadership, courage, power, struggle, and the various other characteristics promoted by the Nazis. By introducing the overman to humanity, Nietzsche advised people to challenge themselves, not to live passively. It was a good reason for anti-Semites to take action and responsibility in the way that led toward creating a higher against reproducing a lower. Having a great willingness to be powerful in order to take possession of the life and destiny of a superior race, Nazis needed the cooperating hand and inspiration of Nietzsche’s philosophy, and Nietzschean themes and phrases, such as â€Å"the will to power.† Because Nietzsche cried out for the survival of the strongest, thus, a strong world while building his philosophy and creating the overman, at the same time, he supplied Nazis with a strong argument that they later used to reinforce their ideological system and movement. As Nietzsche exclaimed for the masters and slave morality, anti-Semites perceived themselves as the master of the world, commanding the rest as humiliated slaves. They treated people other than anti-Semites as dangerous creatures or obstacles threatening the cultural and racial superiority of the Aryan state. By exerting force on them, Nazis kept themselves safe from the misfortune and curse of declining Jews. They stepped forward in every situation that gave them the chance to realize the Nietzschean slogan: â€Å"Whatever does not kill me makes me stronger.† Moreover, they preferred war and courage to charity, with the illumination of the Nietzschean phrase, â€Å"Ye shall love peace as a means to new wars† (as cited in DeLong, 1959). They fought for years, lived dangerously and tried to become â€Å"hard† in terms of the Nietzschean will to power. War against the lower to attain the higher was a kind of ritual for the purpose of the Nazi movement. Besides all the inner attractive forces of Nietzsche’s philosophy for the Nazis, Nietzsche’s Sister Elizabeth (who was a radical anti-Semite), had a vital influence in the affiliation of Nietzsche and the Nazis. She interpreted everything in Nietzsche’s philosophy as creating a perfect accord with Nazi ideologies and values. In other words, she served Nietzsche’s philosophy on the ideological plates of the Nazi leaders as the main food of their meal. After the death of Nietzsche, Elizabeth took over the control of Nietzschean ideas and themes, and immediately hurled them upon the Jews with ideal appropriations she could succeed in making legitimate. For instance, as Kaufmann states, Elizabeth published new editions that incorporated her own introductions, which were intended to explain those passages that seemed antagonistic to the pro-German image of Nietzsche she was attempting to create. In many instances, Elisabeth rearranged material and included new passages in her editions of her brother’s work (as cited in Canada, 2001). In short, Elizabeth reflected Nietzsche as a German patriot and a heroic warrior in the Nazi movement (Aschheim, 1992, p. 47-48). After all, Elizabeth Nietzsche became an important icon for the Nazis as both the sister and a wonderful follower of Nietzsche. Rosenberg’s elaborate funeral service for â€Å"Zarathustra’s sister† was the best example of Elizabeth Nietzsche’s importance. On the other hand, anti-Semitism was the mainstay of the Nazi movement, and the structure of the Nazi movement was shaped completely according to the spirit of anti-Semitism. The Nazis built their education and jurisprudence system upon the basis of the Nietzschean philosophy. â€Å"Heroic idealism† and â€Å"the will to power† were the basic themes of the Nazi education system, where they perceived Nietzsche as their teacher (Aschheim, 1992, p.234). In this way, the objective of education was fairly clear: Nazis wanted to manufacture efficient, clever, and brave soldiers and leaders of tomorrow’s Germany. Under the direction of Rosenberg, Hitler’s appointed supervisor of German educational activities, along with Bernhard Rust, the Reich Minister of Education, the Nazi educational system was inundated with Nietzschean literature. Parts from such works as â€Å"Thus Spoke Zarathustra,† â€Å"Beyond Good and Evil,† and â€Å"The Will to Power† were heavily integrated into the school system as required reading (Aschheim, 1992, p.245). Too much of Nietzschean strong, meaningful, encouraging phrases and slogans like â€Å"whatever does not kill me makes me stronger† or â€Å"I have a why of living and can put up with any how† were repeated continuously and drawn into the mainstream thought of Nazi youth. Besides the influence of Nietzschean doctrines in the education system, the jurisprudence and judgment system were inspired by Nietzsche’s philosophy, as well. Hans Frank, the Reich Commissioner for Justice, once commented, â€Å"Both personally and objectively, it is of importance to me that Nietzsche of all people has become the mentor of German jurisprudence† (as cited form Macintyre in Canada, 2001) As in the case of education, thoughts and writings of Nietzsche were altered and appropriated to the Nazi’s legal and judicial objectives. In terms of these, violent punishments of anti-Semites were understood as being advocated in the words of Nietzsche’s philosophy. For instance, having experienced life in the concentration camps of the Nazis, Dr. Victor Frankl asserted (as cited in Geib), â€Å"I am absolutely convinced that the gas chambers of Auschwitz, Treblinka and Maidanek were ultimately prepared not in some ministry or other in Berlin, but rather at the desks and in the lecture halls of nihilistic scientists and philosophers.† As it is clear in the preceding quotation, the educational system based on Nietzschean doctrines was inevitably one of the main points of argument for the reasons of genocide and other violent acts committed by Nazis. Without a question, Nietzsche was perceived by the Nazis as being the intellectual and spiritual pillar of their regime (Canada, 1997). Such a creative policy gave the Nazis an intellectual justification and respectability to their ideology, while being the source of legitimization to their actions as well. Perhaps the most telling explanation of Kohn (as cited in Canada, 1997) concerning the Nazis’ motivation for appropriating Nietzsche, was that the former were attempting to create a mythical continuity in German history that would serve as a means for legitimizing the Nazi Weltanschauung.. As a result, with the great desire of being the biggest power not only in Germany, but also in the rest of the world, the Nazis made use of everything that would serve their purposes. And building upon a philosophical basis of a very appropriable scheme of Nietzsche, Nazis managed to draw their political culture upon vital foundations of one of the turning points of German history.    Bibliography Aschheim, S. E. (1992). The Nietzsche Legacy in Germany, 1890-1990. Berkeley: University of California Press. Canada, G. (2001). Nietzsche and the Third Reich. In Nietzsche [online]. Available: http://student.vwc.edu/~phialpha/%5CGreg.html (December 8. 2001). DeLong, J. B. (1998). William L. Shirer’s Take On The Relationship Between Friedrich Nietzsche and The Nazis. In Nietzsche and Hitler [online]. Available: http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Nietzsche.html (December 12, 2001) Geib, R. J. (2001) Frederick Nietzsche: Religion, Imagery and Politics [online]. Available: http://www.rjgeib.com/thoughts/nietzsche/nietzsche.html (December 1, 2001). Harms, W. (2001) Bernard Silberman. In University of Chicago Quantrell Award Winner Bernard Silberman [online]. Available: http://www-news.uchicago.edu/resources/quantrell/silberman.html (December 7, 2001). Krueger, D. (1997). A Review of Zacharias’s A Shattered Visage: The Real Face of Atheism. In That Colossal Wreck [online]. Available: http://www.infidels.org/library/modern/doug_krueger/colossal.html (December 12, 2001). Nietzsche, F. W. (1967). Thus Spoke Zarathustra. New York: Heritage Press.

Medieval Renaissance Monarchs of England

Medieval Renaissance Monarchs of England Because Alfred the Great unified most of the various English kingdoms under one rule, the English monarchy traditionally begins with him. However, the House of Wessex, from which Alfred hailed and which served as the nucleus of the future kingdom, is sometimes considered the first royal house, with Egbert of Wessex regarded as the first king of all England; so it is included here as well. The House of Wessex 802-839: Egbert839-855: Ethelwulf855-860: Ethelbald860-866: Ethelbert866-871: Ethelred The Anglo-Saxons   871-899: Alfred the Great899-925: Edward the Elder925-939: Athelstan939-946: Edmund946-955: Edred955-959: Eadwig959-975: Edgar the Peacable975-978: Edward the Martyr978-1016: Ethelred the Unready (interrupted by Danish conquest)1016: Edmund Ironside The Danes 1014: Swein Forkbeard1016-1035: Canute the Great1035-1040: Harold Harefoot1040-1042: Harthacanute The Anglo-Saxons, Restored 1042-1066: Edward the Confessor1066: Harold II (Godwinson) The Normans 1066-1087: William I (the Conqueror)1087-1100: William II (Rufus)1100-1135: Henry I1135-1154: Stephen The Angevins (Plantaganets) 1154-1189: Henry II1189-1199: Richard I1199-1216: John1216-1272: Henry III1272-1307: Edward I1307-1327: Edward II1327-1377: Edward III1377-1399: Richard II The Lancastrians 1399-1413: Henry IV1413-1422: Henry V1422-1461: Henry VI The Yorkists 1461-1483: Edward IV1483: Edward V (never crowned)1483-1485: Richard III The Tudors 1485-1509: Henry VII1509-1547: Henry VIII1547-1553: Edward VI1553: Lady Jane Grey (queen for nine days)1553-1558: Mary I1559-1603: Elizabeth I Please note: all the individuals above can also be found through the Whos Who in Medieval History index of Royalty and the geographical index for Britain. Chronological Index Geographical Index Index by Profession, Achievement, or Role in Society The text of this document is copyright  ©2015 Melissa Snell. You may download or print this document for personal or school use, as long as the URL below is included. Permission is   not  granted to reproduce this document on another website. For publication permission, please visit  Abouts Reprint Permissions page. The URL for this document is:http://historymedren.about.com/od/whoswho/fl/Medieval-Renaissance-Monarchs-of-England.htm

Studying in a Foreign Country

Studying in a Foreign Country Free Online Research Papers Studying in a foreign country is becoming more common. The advantages and benefits of such study outweigh the problems or difficulties. Do you agree? Actually, studying abroad is getting more familiar. Great deals of countries such as America, England, Australia and China have attracted a large number of students from all over the world. This essay will argue that the choice of such study is excellent. This is because students will usually stay in a pure English environment, they will get an eye-opening experience, they will receive more advanced educations and finally they will obtain better treatments by employers in their homeland after graduation. To begin with, the overseas students will be surrounded by a real environment of a foreign language. It can help them to improve their foreign language skills which are the first step of living abroad. â€Å"Julia Reinhardt Lupton (International Education of Students Freiburg 1983) attributes her current position as associate professor of English and comparative literature at the University of California-Irvine to her experience abroad† (Ruhter McMillan and Opem 2005, Para. 4). Such students can make progress in their daily lives directly and expediently. Ruhter McMillan and Opem (2005, Para. 4) also state that Julia Reinhardt Lupton’s (International Education of Students Freiburg Freiburg 1983) language skill he reached is still preserved at present. As a result, studying abroad can lay a firm foundation for a foreign language. Secondly, studying overseas will widen their eyes to the whole world. It can help the students comprehend cultures, customs, thinking modes and ways of behavior which are quiet different from their home countries. The article ‘Strine sense of alienation’ (2006) reported that an overseas student in Australia never heard of wearing slippers in classes before and said his mother would go crazy by seeing such phenomenon. International students can realize more aspects of cultures through these details. According to Ruhter McMillan and Opem (2005, Para .9), â€Å"Eighty-two percent of alumni said that they had developed a more sophisticated way of looking at the world as a result of studying abroad†. It is a key diathesis which is essential for the labor career in the future. Furthermore, such students will contact a plenty of advanced educations from the whole world. It means they can grasp the greatest technologies, ideas and capabilities. A spokesman for the ministry said that by using the advanced technologies and administration methods of overseas students, the national economy and society have a rapid development (Overseas study spells success 2007). This kind of benefits even can give their country- education some assistance. As was noted in the People’s Daily (2005), â€Å"these scholars, many of whom have benefited from state-sponsored study-abroad programs, have helped to introduce the latest academic theories, teaching methods and materials to China’s colleges, universities and research institutions and have also improved the quality of the country’s higher education(People’s Daily, 2005). As will be readily seen, study-overseas not only can make them professional, but also let them contribute to their countries. Lastly, international students will receive some particular opportunities from their home countries after graduation. It is no other than their desire. Ruhter McMillan and Opem (2005, Para .6) provide that â€Å"Listing a study abroad experience on your resume can also enhance your chances for job success†. Now, some countries are seeking for this kind of people indeed, such as China. Zhou report that China is badly in need of international students who can assist the development of economic and society, especially to promote the construction of XiaoKang society (Overseas study spells success 2007). Obviously, international students have superiorities in the aspect of finding jobs; they have more opportunities to receive better jobs than others as well. To sum up, it appears obvious that the benefits of studying overseas far outweigh the problems. Overseas students will live in good language surroundings, they will broaden eye-reach, they can learn advanced knowledge and finally such students will hold larger development space in their home countries. Ministries of educations of all countries have responsibilities to encourage more students going abroad and making contribution to communications between different states. Reference List China Daily 2003, ‘Overseas Study Spells Success’’, viewed 20 May 2007, ‘Overseas Study Experience Benefits China’s Academicians’, People’s Daily?2005 9 January?viewed 20 May 2007, Amy Ruhter McMillan and Gayly opem, M 2005, ‘Tips For The Road’, 9 January, viewed 20 May 2007, ‘Strine sense of alienation’, The Australian, 2006, 22 June. Research Papers on Studying in a Foreign CountryStandardized TestingDefinition of Export QuotasInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyPETSTEL analysis of IndiaAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductTwilight of the UAWBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug Use

Home land security and terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Home land security and terrorism - Essay Example Either they belong to Muslim communities or non Muslim; they become the target of violent spreading factors (Eric Croddy, James J. Wirtz, 2005, p 458). In such a worse condition there are few countries which are severely affected i.e. Pakistan Afghanistan and Srilanka. But the super power of this world is not yet largely affected by the roots of terrorism. Securing the borders is one of the biggest challenges that US government is facing these days. To avoid the risk of terrorism the government utilizes a number of technologies such as â€Å"virtual fence† of sensors; cameras, motion detectors, and other equipments (United States, Dept. of Defense, Newton N. Minow). Undocumented immigrants are also forbidden by the government so that the invasion of terrorists is controlled within a state. But this does not make the whole system a fool proof system but it still leaves doubts because of which the government tries to enhance its system. Bush administration bequeathed a border security program to Obama team in which undocumented immigrants were cited as a cause of terrorism. Therefore Secure Border Initiative (SBI) plan was made by Obama administration’s new team. It is a comprehensive plan to control the illegal flow of immigrations. It includes increased staffing to strengthen interior enforcement. A great investment was also made in detecting technology and infrastructure. A vital module of the SBI strategy is SBI- net program. In March 2010 DHS designed another surveillance policy in which a new security technology would be installed. It includes mobile surveillance, thermal imaging devices, ultra-light detection, backscatter units, mobile radios, cameras and laptop computers for pursuit vehicles, and remote video surveillance system enhancements. By applying all these parameters it is expected that US can be successful in maintaining security

The Impact Of The Big Name Brands On The Consumers Essay

The Impact Of The Big Name Brands On The Consumers - Essay Example Luxury has the power to give to people an idealized image of beauty and satisfaction. Until the mid 20th century few people could afford to have luxurious items and only a privileged class of society had access to luxurious items. However in the past fifty years, the tide has turned and luxury has come down to the majority of the people in the shape of brands, which are targeted at upper middle class. This change to brands (luxury) started its way slowly in the 1980s, where the rise of individualism fueled the power of business and brands sprouted up to be consumed by wealthy consumers. The purpose of the brands was to spread the charm and luxury creating a personality cult, where people would identify themselves with their brands (Koehn,2001). Branding is the foundation for a business, which is meant to label a product. In marketing, the brand is considered as an embodiment of all information related to a product. A brand normally includes a name, logo, images, fonts or services, which typically arise in consumer’s mind, when a name or logo is mentioned. Thus we can say that brand is a combination of attributes, which are communicated through emotional attachment with a product. The value of the brand is in the mind of the consumer, which creates this promise of satisfaction. However brand is not merely creating the emotional attachment, but it moves beyond emotional forms and give two kinds of experiences; direct and indirect messaging. For example, a customer driving a car is gaining direct experience. However it is not possible for marketers to send a direct message for all their products, they opt for indirect experiences, such as Nikkei products are associated with fun, excitement, and sport as portrayed in TV commercials and magazines (Bush & Victoria, 2004). This kind of branding is repeated again and again to make it effective in the consumer's mind. Thus we can say that branding main purpose is to convey product message in multiple ways involving consumers in a compelling way to think and buy the product. The value of the brand lies as a security for the company earnings.

The Step Pyramid of King Zjoser Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Step Pyramid of King Zjoser - Essay Example From this essay "The Step Pyramid of King Zjoser" it is clear, that Egypt is bordered by the Red Sea and Israel on the east side. (1) The country is divided into two extreme arid regions, The North-West flowing Nile River. The Nile starts 110 miles (162 km.) south of the Mediterranean and fans out to a sea front of 155 miles between the cities of Alexandria and Port Said. The ancient Egypt was divided into two major parts, first was â€Å"black land,† and another was â€Å"red land.†The black land was situated on the bank of the river Nile and it was very fertile land. The land was used for growing crops. This was the only land in Egypt which was formed due to a layer of rich, black silt, deposited there every year after the flood of the Nile. The Red Land was a barren desert that protected Egypt from its neighboring countries and invading armies. This region provided precious metals and semi-precious stones to Egyptians. The major responsible factor for flourishing the ancient Egyptian civilization is the river Nile. It is the gift given by God to the Egyptian people. It is hardly possible to think Egyptian civilization without the river Nile. (2) The river Nile is the longest river in the world which is over 4000 miles long. The shape of Nile is like that of a lotus flower and it is always depicted in ancient Egyptian art. The river Nile has been playing a very crucial role in developing the Egyptian civilization. The Nile River plays very important role in giving food, water to the people.

African American English Essay Example for Free

African American English Essay When it comes to arguing whether African-American English/Ebonics, enriches or contaminates Standard English, most of the negative tone that African-American English gets comes from an educational stand point. One argument teachers, who do not believe in using Ebonics, use is that there is no place for Ebonics in the class room. Stacey Thomas, in her article â€Å"Ebonics and the African-American Student: Why Ebonics Has a Place in the Classroom† writes that teachers can use Ebonics as a way to facilitate the learning of Standard English to African American students. In order to use Ebonics as a vehicle to teaching Standard English, teachers must be bilingual; meaning they most know both Ebonics and Standard English. Thomas states, â€Å"†¦once students see and comprehend the differences between Standard English and Ebonics in terms of structure and syntax, they display a great[er] understanding in Standard English, and as a result, decrease their use of Ebonics† Ebonics and the African-American Student (6). In other words, by working on activities where students have to compare both Ebonics and Standard English, students’ knowledge of Standard English is increasing and their use of Ebonics is decreasing. Another arguments teachers use against Ebonics is that it obstructs the academic potential of African-Americans. Thomas goes further on by stating the Oakland school board Ebonics issue. In 1996, the Oakland, California school board started using Ebonics as a way to teach to African American students whose grades were lower than other ethnicities. As a result of using Ebonics as a vehicle to teaching, Thomas states, â€Å"the Oakland School Districts use of Ebonics in the classroom, [and] the students performance in reading and wring has improved†¦ the students have tested above district averages there was a in reading and writing skills† Ebonics and the African-American Student (6). So not only is the teaching of Ebonics facilitating school work for students, but it is also increasing their grades. Ebonics, a language that is stereotyped as ignorant and uneducated, is now becoming a great tool for educating students.

The Importance of History and Culture in Amy Tan’s The Joy Luck Club Es

The Importance of History and Culture in Amy Tan’s The Joy Luck Club   Ã‚  Ã‚   The impact of history and culture on an individual's life is tremendous. History plays a large role in forming an individual because it helps them develop morals, ideals, and goals in life. It begins the process of finding an identity. The past is never forgotten because it leaves marks on ones life as a scar does to ones body. It may go unseen physically, but the emotional effects it produces last a lifetime, and can continue on for generations to come.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The women in the novel, The Joy Luck Club, deal with all of the good and the bad that their history and culture have to offer. At times they experience difficulties because the mothers and daughters, although they are as one, share different cultures, while their history is the same. Ying-Ying St.Claire is the mother of Lena, who is a Chinese-American women. Lena and her mother don’t see eye to eye at all times because of the fact that they were raised in different cultures.   Ying-Ying grew up in China in a very well-to-do family. At first she had very few worries, other than being obedient. Her Amah once told her, â€Å"You don’t need to understand. Just behave, follow your mothers example (Tan,66)†. As she grew older, she had to prepare for her future; a life of following future husbands orders and taking care of her husbands family. Chinese women would do this because it was expected of them. They would care for their husbands parents so th at when they were old they would be taken care of as well.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Ying-Ying learned everything, all of the lessons and life’s meanings, from her mother. Her mother learned everything that she knew from her own mother, as well as through experiences from her own... ...all Chinese, and the daughters are Chinese-American. The mothers grew up in a more strict environment and followed the rules by the book. They were taught by their mothers, how to act, who they were, and what being Chinese meant. The daughters in this story grew up in a more relaxed world, where being an individual was accepted and appreciated. No one was punished for being themselves in America. For the women in this novel, finding their true identity was one of the most important things. By using their cultural background and discovering who their mothers were, they were able to find their true selves in the end as well giving them a complete sense of identity.    Work Cited Tan, Amy. The Joy Luck Club, Ballantine Books, 1989    Thi Do, Thuan. â€Å"Chinese-American Women in American Culture†, available at http://www.ics.uci.edu/~tdo/ea/chinese.html, 1992.

Alternative Rural Construction Technologies in North East India

Dissertation LITERATURE REVIEW ALTERNATIVE RURAL CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGIES ( NORTH-EAST INDIA ) Introduction:The North Eastern portion of India has ever been a absorbing country for travelers and adventurers. The rich heritage is exemplified through the ethnicity, tradition, support, and besides by the architectural typologies. Several distinguishable architectural characteristics are seen in North East provinces, which differ by clime and deep frozen traditions. The architecture of this country evolved in class of clip and were largely built by the dwellers themselves, without any preparation in building. Yet, due to uninterrupted engagement in the field of building, they finally came to cognize about the different margins considered in planing a house, which can be seen or understood through their home grounds. These houses, built with locally available stuffs, were sensitive to the bing environment and took into consideration the restraints imposed by the clime. These countries are able to supply its home ground with the building needs, but due to the deficiency of knowledge/awareness, these resources has non been utilized expeditiously. In order to use these available resources most expeditiously, it is necessary to advance the usage of advanced edifice stuffs and building techniques. Extension of energy and cost effectual edifice stuffs, use of agricultural by-products/wastes every bit good as locally available stuffs, cheaper and clip salvaging building techniques and efficient house programs at low-cost cost, has a great significance in the present rural scenario. This paper aims at the survey of common architecture of these country. Note the pros and cons of the present building scenarios, and better on them to do a more efficient home grounds, through alternate technologies/improving on the available resources to do a more efficient houses. The architectural solution can be attained through a deep survey and apprehension of this field. The research inquiry being, How to advance and widen appropriate building engineerings to better rural architecture? Thus it aims to analyze the present rural architecture ( taking NE India as a mention ) and better on it, to utilize the available resources most efficient. Reappraisal:Alternate rural building engineerings aims at happening the resources available in the North East India, and bettering on them to do the most out of it. Ever since adult male become colonist, he experiment assorted natural resources for constructing a shelter. Certain stuffs become the rule edifice stuffs and are continued to be used in building, some of them in its original signifier while some after intervention or byproduct of nature. But, due to scarceness of the resources, inaccessibility on site, deficiency of cognition for using the help stuffs and assorted other grounds, demands for innovation of new stuffs arise. Some of them, even though normally used in building and dependable stuffs, are scarce or a menace to nature. Therefore, using the natural resources and utilizing them in a more efficient manner demands to be prioritized instead than trusting on imported materials/ engineerings. Let’s expression at the North east country as a whole and see, what the conditions of edifice building are, the pros and cons of the present scenario. Here is the program of a edifice made out of clay, ( writer ) . In this, we have a house widening 6.9m/ 4.9m, it has an country in the which are being used for cookery and fixing nutrient, and comes the following subdivision, where other day-to-day activities happens, or instead their twenty-four hours infinite, and the other room being the bed room. All other activities like, bathing, fixing nutrient for farm animal, making their demands go on near their house. The present issues here are like, shelter for them while making their other activities outside their place. Sufficient air and light motion in the house. Unnecessary use of building stuffs, like for illustration, the thickness or the sum of stuffs usage ( beginning: writer ) in building the walls, roofs, flooring could hold been reduced by decently reenforcing the stuffs or by utilizing them in a more appropriate ways non merely to cut down the sum of stuffs used, but besides to do it last longer, fire cogent evidence or even utilizing other more appropriate stuffs. In malice of the fact that stuffs used for building or programs of the edifice are non satisfactory, yet these present edifices provides them with a thermic comfort, and other assorted margins which one frequently fails to accomplish in the modern houses. Therefore, non merely implementing new materials/ design of a edifice or planning, bettering and happening alternate agreement on the pros of the present rural building and replacing the cons. Besides, some or instead, many of the present issues faced in the rural building are merely because of the deficiency of cognition, the short approachs of these issues could be solved non merely by replacing the stuffs or alteration of design, but by agencies of minor alterations, like the sum of stuffs used, care jobs, etc. farther testing is needed, since cognition of grounds of failure/ short coming of certain issues are limited. These issues could be solved by farther study/ research to supply the appropriate solutions and non merely rely on premises made to be the ground for failure of the bing design or certain stuff. These research will take at analyzing farther more into these issues and seek to come up with an appropriate solution for the issues. Alternate rural building engineerings non merely aims at merely changing/ bettering on the bing stuffs, but it besides aims at doing the house program for a more efficient usage of infinite, both the negative and positive. To suite a ) the clime B ) the geographics on which the edifice is supposed to sit degree Celsius ) the civilization ( including the faith, tradition, societal activities ) & A ; and most significantly vitamin D ) the inhabitants. Therefore, alternate engineerings can be looked upon under three different stairss the first being the design ( planning of the house- before the onsite executing of the house ) , Construction ( materials- the onsite executing of the designed house ) and Home/ home ( culture- the after executing of the house ) .The design ( planning of the house- before the onsite executing of the house ) – Design of a rural house is more complex and hard than the urban 1s, as it normally has to get by non merely for the family/owner but with their farm animal excessively ( Baker Laurie ) . There is besides normally a demand for covered infinite outside the house for all kinds of businesss, weaving, basket devising, cyberspaces and fishing, nutrient drying and processing etc. Because, many of the abodes if non all are normally husbandmans. The unfastened infinite around the house is every bit of import as the house itself, as it is really much in usage for cookery, storing, animate being, dome stic fowl etc.The present conditions in these countries could non supply desirable shelter for different season of the twelvemonth for the said demands, due to miss of cognition, economic position, etc. Therefore, these of import activities happens in the country which are uncovered/ sometimes making ineluctable issues during rainy season, rough summer/winter, etc. So, basic programs which aims at minimizing and spread outing every bit and when possible is needed or by supplying some short of shelter for these out-of-door activities for these seasons.Construction ( materials- the onsite executing of the designed house ) –Execution is the phase where the conceptual is being shaped into things that can be sensed by other people. An thought must be realized in stuffs ( Henry Glassie, 1984 ) materialisation raises complexnesss in architectural communicating non met in verbal communicating and it limits construct. The determination to make a edifice is the determination to destruc t some portion of the material existence. Our natural things are destroyed- trees have been cut down, rock being broken into pieces, old places are razed off– to do things better. The effort to better our homes by destructing the nature is technological. Every technological act entails alterations in two major dealingss: one between the homo to the non-human universe, and the other one within the universe of the people itself. Technology required the forfeit of extant stuffs that finally do non owe their presence to human existences. Therefore, by sagely using what Mother Nature gave us, we non merely give back to nature, but the human- ourselves, as Brundtland ( 1987 ) provinces, Sustainable development is development that meets the demands of the present without compromising the demands of future coevalss to run into their ain demands. This definition of Brundtland contains within it two cardinal constructs: the construct of demands, to which overruling precedence should be given and the construct of restrictions, to run into the present and future demands. One needs to take stuffs for building sing the undermentioned points-They should be locally available.Preference should be given to stuffs of low embodied energy.Minimum C footmark stuffs.Biodegradable and renewable stuffs.They should hold long life and lasting, andMaterials should be reclaimable and reclaimable.Home/ home ( culture- the after executing of the house ) – Culture, intending the people who are populating in the executed house, the tradition, society, life style, is one of import facet for planing a house. A place is a house where the household lives. So, the manner the household maintains or uses the house besides plays an of import function in the lastingness of the house, stableness and even thermic responds of the house. For case, a traditional Earth houses provide changeless thermal comfort by regular care, it needs to be plastered after every five old ages, due to its exposure to the exterior atmosphere. If non, the thermic comfort provided by the houses red uces, same goes for a thatch roof, without regular care H2O sipping through the roof can be experienced. Therefore regular attention has to be provided to the houses, even after it is one time constructed. Last, this research/ findings purpose at supplying a building stuffs which is more lasting, needs less care, and stable, these can be achieved by choosing the right type of stuffs for the right clime, geographics and handiness, or by intervention of the bing stuffs to do it needs less care. Yet, continue attention has to be taken by the proprietors, for the place to supply them healthy built in environment to populate in.Bibliographies: Glassie Henry, Material Culture, Vol. 16, No.1 ( Spring 1984 ) . Common Architecture and Society, Pioneer America Society. Bakers Laurie, Rural house programs. Anubha, Barun, Belal, Kartik, Kaushik, Nitin, et Al. 1990, Clay Products Manufacture, Clay undertakings III yr. B.Arch, SPA Delhi.

American Literature Before 1865

While the land issue is frequently invoked as the reason behind the extermination of indigenous Americans by European settlers, the real issue was a clash of cultures that held incompatible world views. Among Native Americans (hereafter referred to as â€Å"Indians† for convenience and because this is actually Native peoples’ preferred appellation according to Coeur d’Alene writer Sherman Alexie), society was usually very egalitarian, and even democratic. Europeans on the other hand believed in top-down, societal structures with rigid orders and classes.Most Indians were hunters and gatherers; this is how they survived, acknowledging game and wild edible plants as gifts of nature. In light of the harsh, puritanical Yahwist world view of the Europeans, it is significant that those in a hunting-gathering society rarely have to work more than five or six hours per week in order to satisfy their basic needs; Euro-Christians were children of a vengeful, patriarchal go d who demanded that they earn their bread by the sweat of their brow (unless of course, one was a successful capitalist, in which lower classes would do it on one’s behalf).Their warped belief system demanded that they till the earth; hunting was for sport. Many (not all) Indians found the thought of agriculture as an affront to the earth; if the Great Spirit had provided berries, roots and game animals, why would they scratch open the Great Mother seeking more?Sexuality was another issue; while most Indians embraced it as any normal, healthy life form and exhibited great tolerance for homosexuality and trans-gendered people (some of whom had high status, as was the case of the Cherokee â€Å"Two Spirit†), Europeans were – as many Americans are now – embarrassed, ashamed, intolerant and repressive when it came to sexual matters. Women among many Indian tribes also had a huge degree of freedom and equality with men, which was rigidly denied to European wom en. Different European groups had very different experiences and problems in encountering and interacting with Indians.In A Briefe and True Report of the New Found Land of Virgina, written in 1587 prior to the mysterious disappearance of the Roanoke Colony, the explorer Harriot – a product of the Elizabethan England of Shakespeare – wrote under the heading Of The Nature and Manners of the People that the Indians â€Å"†¦are not to be feared, â€Å" but warning â€Å"that they shall have cause to feare and love us, that shall inhabite with them† (241). Harriot goes on the describe them in some detail as to their animal-skin clothing, their lack of edged tools and their style of warfare.He writes, â€Å"In respect of us, they are a people poore, and for want of skill and judgement in the knowledge and use of our things, doe esteeme our trifles [toys, coins and cooking tools] before things of greater value† (242). This statement is significant, partic ularly in light of later experiences of the English in Virginia – experiences that involved great suffering, death and privation. Here, Harriot indulges in typical English chauvinism, judging Indian society and culture by the standards of his own.It should have become obvious over the ensuing twenty years that a lack of technology did not necessarily make for an inferior culture; masters of their environment, the Indians were well able to survive and even thrive in a place where the first English settlers starved, existed in poverty and frequently died. Even Harriot’s statement that â€Å"should they desire our friendship and love, [they will] have the greater respect for pleasing and obeying us† – a clear declaration of intentions to enslave Indians – proved to be based on this faulty logic as future English settlers discovered when they attempted to do just that.Harriot’s description of the local Indian’s religion indicates there we re some traits shared with their own Christianity; immortality of the soul, analogues to Heaven and Hell, and even formal worship rituals held in â€Å"houses appropriate or temples† (243). While by no means typical of all Indian spirituality or religion, it was these kinds of similarities that some Catholic missionaries were able to use in their successful conversions elsewhere.With similarities such as described by Harriot, one wonders if some elements of Christianity had not filtered north from Spanish claims in Florida. Alternatively, given the chauvinistic tendencies of Europeans in general and the English in particular that led to so many misunderstandings, it is quite possible that Harriot may have been simply seeing what he expected and/or desired to see. In any event, the English did not hesitate to use the Indian’s own normal fears of the unknown against them for their own advantage.During a drought, local Indians (some of the few who did engage in agricultur e, apparently) came to believe their problems had been brought on by their own actions, and offered to play to the â€Å"God of England, that he would preserve their Corne,† offering the English a portion when the harvest came in. Later, when diseases carried by the English were spread to those Indians who had no natural immunity, the English were all too happy to attribute the plague to their vengeful God for their â€Å"wicked practises† (245).In the case of Indians to whom such things had never happened and had no concept of how disease spread through bacteria and viruses, this self-serving explanation on the part of the English was all too acceptable. The Spaniards’ experiences with Indians were as varied as the Indian cultures they encountered. For example, with complex urban societies such as the Aztecs and Incas, the Spaniards were forced to deal with powers that were nearly equal to their own in terms of technology and organization; only through collabor ators within these civilizations were leaders like Cortez and Pizzaro able to succeed in their conquests.Further north, the Dine (Navajo) and Zuni presented somewhat less of a challenge. Unlike the English who came for land, the Spaniard’s main objective was plunder; gold, silver, slaves and souls. Unlike the primarily secular English expeditions, the Spaniards operated under the blessings of an aggressive Roman Catholic church, whose tool was the Holy Inquisition (rather different from the â€Å"kinder, gentler† brand of Catholicism brought by French missionaries to Indians further north).The Zuni – linguistically related to the Nez Perce, Yakama, Klamath and Modoc peoples of the Pacific Northwest, yet living in New Mexico – embraced a kind of spirituality that was completely unlike Christianity. There religion was organized into different â€Å"societies,† each of which governed a specific aspect of the community (22). In many ways, Zuni religion resembled that of the ancient Mayans; a â€Å"sun priest† known as a Pekwin kept a calendar; there was also a belief in â€Å"Hero Twins,† hearkening back to the Mayan legends of Hunahpu and Xibalanque.The Hero Twins also appear in the mythology of other Southwest peoples, including the Navajo (34). This and many other aspects of Zuni culture are revealed in their own creation myth, whose relationship with the Spaniards was hostile practically from the beginning; taken as one of the â€Å"Seven Cities of Cibola,† this sedentary, semi-urbanized, agricultural people successful drove off the initial Spaniard invasion in 1540. A Catholic mission was eventually established some ninety years later, but in 1680, the Zuni were in rebellion once again, joining other Pueblo Indians against the Spaniards.Zuni attitudes toward the Spaniards are apparent in a later version on the Zuni creation story, in which the Trickster, or â€Å"mischief-maker,† is associated wit h Mexicans, or Spaniards. The Trickster is a common figure in nearly all myths in all cultures on the planet; the late Joseph Campbell considered the Trickster as an integral part of the archetype â€Å"mythic journey,† or Hero’s Quest. The purpose of a Trickster was to lead the Hero astray, or attempt to delay or even foil the Quest.Among American Indian cultures, the Trickster could take many forms, but most frequently appeared as a Coyote. While he could be a teacher and frequently force one to confront that which they might not otherwise wish to deal with, Coyote could also be a mischief-maker. Associated Coyote with Mexicans/Spaniards had a negative connotation. In this version of the creation story, Mexicans also emerge later than the Zuni. This is yet another point of significance; like many tribal peoples, their name for themselves translates as â€Å"The People,† with the implication that others are not â€Å"people.† The name Halona-Iriwana, the Zuni pueblo, means â€Å"The Middle Ant Hill of the World,† suggesting that chauvinistic self-centeredness was not unique to the English and Spaniards. It has been suggested that this type of mentality was what allowed the Europeans to decimate the Indian populations; had all Indian peoples been able to unite against the invaders, European settlers might not have been quite as successful. The problem with this idea is in the sheer diversity of Indian peoples, not only in terms of language, but culture and even physical traits.While warfare among American Indian tribes never reached the kind of wholesale slaughter that it did among Europeans, conflict and competition for resources and prestige was still quite common. Cultural diversity may be something to treasure today, but in American history, it has had great – and often tragic – consequences. Works Cited Baird, Forrest E. and Walter Kaufman, eds. From Plato to Derrida, 4th Ed. (Upper Saddle River: Prentice H all, 1997).